The Army National Guard units and Interim Marine Security Forces stormed the lava fields surrounding the base during training exercises such as Northern Viking. Historic photographs show the abandoned Keflavk Naval Air Station Under the indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity contracts, over the next five years, each company will receive funds ranging from $1,000 to $950m in total to work on seven different ABMS product categories. Sources and Resources. In addition to their defense role, U.S. forces constructed the Keflavik Airport as a refueling point for aircraft deliveries and cargo flights to Europe[citation needed]. It was not until the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, when the quarantine reduced other shipping noises, that operators recognized unusual signatures that were confirmed to be Soviet snorkeling submarines when aircraft sighted snorkels and sonobuoys confirmed the unusual acoustics as being from that submarine. When Bragi visited, the station, with all its buildings and structures, had been presented to the Icelandic authorities. When two or more arrays held a contact, triangulation provided approximate positions for air or surface assets to localize. Air Force awards multiple contracts for airfield construction at NAS Keflavik. Within the Office of Chief of Naval Operations the Director ASW Programs OP-95 was established in 1964. Navy gained jurisdiction; the installation was renamed U.S. On 8 September 2006, NASKEF's last commanding officer, Capt. NAVFAC's were the terminal sites for . Further NAVFACs shut down in 1976 with NAVFACs Punta Borinquen and Nantucket decommissioned. It served to ferry personnel, equipment, and supplies to Europe. Post Unit Messages. ly. The Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington has used the system for Ocean Acoustic Tomography. Please send us a line at icelandmag@365.is. Have lunch. In September 1972 a third generation coaxial cable, again based on commercial developments at Bell Labs and designated SD-C, was installed for the system terminating at Naval Facility Centerville Beach, California. Bragis personal project became an exhibition, Iceland Defense Force, thats been widely displayed in Iceland and is now on show in Umbrella Gallery in New York City (317 E 9th St Ste 2, New York, 10003, umbrellaarts.com). [citation needed]. U.S. Navy use of the facility allowed the housing of rotational P-3 Orion squadrons, aircraft, flight crews, maintenance and administrative support personnel from their CONUS home bases for six-month deployments in support of antisubmarine warfare and maritime patrol missions until 2004. Patterson Field in the south-east opened in 1942 despite being partly incomplete. History The commands and personnel were covered by the "oceanographic" term until 1991 when the mission was declassified. NAVFAC Bermuda data is routed to Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF) at Dam Neck. NAVAL AIR STATION KEFLAVIK, Iceland - The Air Force Installation and Mission Support Center's Detachment 4 successfully led the award of three contracts recently, totaling $38 million to improve airfield infrastructure at Naval Air Station Keflavik, Iceland.. [3], SOSUS systems consisted of bottom-mounted hydrophone arrays connected by underwater cables to facilities ashore. US soldiers first came to Iceland in 1941, before the United States declared war on Germany and Japan, and later constructed the headquarters for their military activity at this barren location on Reykjanes peninsula, about a 40 minutes drive away from the capital. Though reluctant to sanction the stationing of foreign troops in significant numbers on their soil, Icelandic officials decided in light of the fact they had no standing army to speak of, that membership in NATO alone was not a sufficient defense; and at the request of NATO, Iceland entered into a defense agreement with the United States directly[citation needed]. navfac keflavik, iceland On 15 March 2006, the U.S. All rotational fighters left and the 56th Rescue Squadron ceased operation at the end of the fiscal year. The sixth array, requiring redesign of the cable and repeater system, was thus terminated at Naval Facility Pacific Beach, making it a dual array facility. NAVFAC Barbers Point closes with acoustic data directed to NOPF, Ford Island. [2] US forces would return to Keflavik starting from 2016. [16][17], The first detection of Soviet Victor- and Charlie-class submarines was in 1968 with systems terminating at the facility followed by the first detection of a Soviet Delta Class Nuclear submarine in 1974. Texas Applied Research Laboratories,[45] and several other organizations have used the system for research. Most of this work was completed by 1957. NAVAL AIR STATION NAS KEFLAVIK ICELAND HAT PATCH CAP US NAVY - eBay That opened a new field for women outside the usual medical, education, or administrative specialties. Jurisdiction of the airport was assumed by Military Air Transport Service (MATS). Browse Military Units. The Keflavk Naval Air Station was built by the US Military during WWII. [1][3][6] The origin of the project name was explained by Dr. Robert Frosch to Senator Stennis during a 1968 hearing. On 26 October the government of Iceland established the Keflavik Airport Development Corporation or Kadeco which was given the task of converting those portions of the base no longer needed into civilian use. Tactical Support Center Keflavik - U.S. The then-secret 1960 Navy film Watch in the Sea describes the production arrays as being 1,800ft (548.6m) long. An alert to Atlantic Fleet, Strategic Air Command (SAC) and the Pentagon came from "underwater listening devices at several secret Navy installations" that two Yankee class nuclear-armed submarines had left their usual patrol areas 1,200 miles out in the Atlantic and were getting dangerously close. Photo/Bragi r Jsefsson. [27] During that period an atypical SOSUS system was installed in 1959 at Argentia, Newfoundland to provide surveillance for approaches to Hudson Bay. TWS is the largest online community of Veterans existing today and is a powerful Veteran locator. navfac keflavik, iceland [3], Artemis was an experiment with a large active source. Promise! $45.99 + $6.89 shipping. Let us know! navfac keflavik, iceland. The highly classified program was behind the "Green Door" which became a name for the program itself as well as being seen as a term for the secrecy. The projects, supporting the European Deterrence Initiative (EDI) implemented by the U.S. European Command, intends to increase the . <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
One block from the Hotel Berg, 6 minutes from the Keflavik Airport. NAS Keflavik employed approximately 900 Icelandic civilians who worked with military personnel, providing the services necessary to operate the base. Keflavk, a small beautiful town is located in southwest Iceland positioned along the Reykjanes Peninsula.Keflavk (meaning 'Driftwood Bay') is a home to Keflavk Airport that marks the footprints of travelers coming from around the world. NAVFAC KEFLAVIC ICELAND. $27.99 + $6.89 shipping. His environmental photographic study records this uncertainty and documents an important phase, both in the history of Iceland and the US Military. Naval Facility [NAVFAC], Keflavik, Iceland Tactical Support Center Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, WA Tactical Support Center .-.-.-. A P-8A Poseidon aircraft assigned to Patrol Squadron 16, arrives in Keflavik, Iceland, for anti-submarine warfare training, April 18, 2017. The initial array at Eleuthera got a fully functioning NAVFAC with an additional system for the Atlantic at Barbados and the first of the Pacific systems at San Nicolas Island came in 1957. I spent two years in Keflavik mid-1977 to mid-1979. In military construction hearings during 1964 before the Senate Committee on Armed Services the request for funding of recreational and other support buildings for the Naval Facility Cape Hatteras the Navy noted it was part of a program supporting continental air and missile defense forces without mention of its role in tracking Soviet missile submarines. Do you want to know more about this subject? Ive been here two years and Ive enjoyed being here where there is great camaraderie, beautiful landscapes to photograph, and where the people are really wonderful.. [1], The secrecy of the system meant that it did not have the widespread fleet support of successful tactical systems despite its actual success. Picture Information. The first experimental array was a six-element test array laid at Eleuthera in the Bahamas in 1951, followed, after successful experiments with a target submarine, in 1952 by a fully-functional 1,000ft (304.8m), forty-hydrophone array. Reply to hi. [citation needed]. Cable laying was a capability AT&T and other entities had developed for decades for commercial communications cables. In the height of the Cold War, this was the place to be to protect against Soviet submarines. ", "Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) History 1950 - 2010", "Naval Facility Keflavik March 1966 - December 1996", USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers1908 to present, Official Navy disestablishment press release, Guarding the United States and its Outposts, United States Army Center of Military History, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Air_Station_Keflavik&oldid=1133698383, Reykjavik Administrative Area, 6 August 1941, Keflavik Airport*, 25 October 1946 28 June 2006, European Theater of Operations, United States Army (ETOUSA), 10 June 1942, 386th Army Air Force Base Unit, 1 August 1944 18 February 1946, 1400th Air Base Group, 23 May 1951 1 July 1960, 53d Air Rescue Squadron, 14 November 1952 24 March 1960. Air Force Units Army Units Coast Guard Units Marine Corps Units Navy Units Become a VetFriends Member Site Map. NAS Keflavik also features prominently in Icelandic author Arnaldur Indriason's 1999 mystery thriller Napleonsskjlin, published in English in 2011 as Operation Napoleon. In 1962, the detections were published at the secret level by Commander, Alaskan Sea Frontier, and these reports were pushed up the chain of command. The NATO base did not have a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) with the Icelandic Government and the base lacked the roadway entrance security gates characteristic of most military installations, having only Icelandic Customs officials instead. Keflavik is also home to Keflavik International Airport, the airport where most fly into when they come to Iceland. The Navy has been allotted nearly $36 million in the two . Over 1,000 intercepts of Soviet aircraft took place inside Iceland's military air defense identification zone (ADIZ). [3], Six Pacific coast systems had been planned but only five Naval Facilities were constructed. MILITARY UNITS - NAVFAC KEFLAVIC ICELAND VetFriends Veteran ID Card Quick Links. The Navy was requesting four fully functional cable ships, the modernized Albert J. Myer and Neptune and two large new ships. Everyone from the Sailors to the Airmen to the U.S. civilians to our host nationals who have worked this effort, have done an incredible job. Under ADC until 1979 and under TAC until 1992. The projects, supporting the European Deterrence Initiative, or EDI, implemented by the U.S. European Command, intends to increase the responsiveness and readiness of U.S. Air Forces, NATO member-state forces and allies in Europe., Air University and Maxwell AFB News article display template If you served in NAVFAC Keflavik, Iceland, Join TWS for free to reconnect with service friends. Picture 1 of 18. [12] The unclassified name Project Caesar was given to cover development and installation of the resulting system. [3][4], That group also recommended a system to monitor low-frequency sound in the SOFAR channel using multiple listening sites equipped with hydrophones and a processing facility that could calculate submarine positions over hundreds of miles. Other ships were added for acoustic and bathymetric surveys and cable support. navfac keflavik, iceland old restaurants in lawrence, ma It was because of the low frequencies, "about the A below middle C on the piano" (about 100-150 cycles) and "Jezebel" being chosen because "she was of low character. The Reykavk Grapevine is Iceland's biggest, best and most widely read English-language publication. When USSThresher sank in 1963, SOSUS helped determine its location. CRm0]T[eNdMF}165}1~tRweTU9JwNP*r%9s7TiBPddB|Xq0L`uN9L'84QRAEP)S=`(0a%&L&HWhbx:A3SJmYD!%t*
GD/\&a{VKO}*~m=?sH1-W|$2be':B@ukQ}Pv=rFU{]fz6azpw0g"[\c29'5m3Hl/rK` '~~$G? pJWz\dS//T,HL%
e Be%n`rny]&}225V;$VEzjW 7? Soon after the return of U.S. forces to Keflavik. NAVFAC Brawdy became the first "super NAVFAC" with some four hundred U.S. and United Kingdom military and civilian personnel assigned. In 1939, with war imminent in Europe, the German Reich pressed for landing rights for Deutsche Luft Hansa's aircraft for alleged trans-Atlantic flights. The base offered a wide variety of recreational services which included bowling, swimming, gymnasium, theater, social clubs, a Wendy's restaurant, and hobby centers. The Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF) appears to be a "super NAVFAC" with processing of multiple array data, often by joint allied forces. When that submarine put into Adak for a medical emergency the detection events were matched to the submarine's logs ending the disbelief the "Soviet" contact was actually a U.S. During 1981 Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF), Ford Island became operational and the decommissioning of NAVFAC Midway with that system's data routed to NAVFAC Barbers Point was completed. Office of Air Force History, Fletcher, Harry R., Air Force Bases Volume II, Active Air Force Bases outside the United States of America on 17 September 1982, Office of Air Force History, 1989, Hill, Mike and Campbell, John, Tactical Air Command An Illustrated History 19461992, 2001, Martin, Patrick, Tail Code: The Complete History Of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings, 1994, Maurer Maurer, Air Force Combat Units Of World War II, Office of Air Force History, 1983, Ravenstein, Charles A., Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 19471977, Office of Air Force History, 1984. There were more than 25 different commands of various sizes and personnel from the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Coast Guard in Iceland. The Ocean System commands, COMOCEANSYSLANT (COSL) and COMOCEANSYSPAC (COSP), then began to reflect their true nature as Undersea Surveillance commands COMUNDERSEASURVLANT (CUSL) and COMUNDERSEASURVPAC (CUSP) under the Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) name that had come into effect in 1985 as systems other than fixed emerged. It describes the operational arrays as being 1,800ft (548.6m) long. It was the primary cuing system which antisubmarine forces used to localize and potentially destroy targets for over forty years but secrecy largely kept that fact from the fleet. The hangar housed rotational P-3 Orion aircraft and crews in support of anti-submarine warfare until 2004. [16] Naval Facility Keflavik was decommissioned on 13 December 1996.[17]. The system was capable of oceanic surveillance with the long ranges made possible by exploiting the deep sound channel, or SOFAR channel. navfac exwc org chart NAS PANAMA CANAL NAVAL STATION HAT PATCH CAP US NAVY VETERAN USS SAILOR GIFT WOW. The Hartwell panel recommended spending of US$10,000,000 (equivalent to $113,890,000 in 2021) annually to develop systems to counter the Soviet submarine threat consisting primarily of a large fleet of diesel submarines. Yes, I was a plank owner. Join VetFriends To: Reunite with Unit Buddies. Please send me. We are upgrading infrastructure at Naval Air Station Keflavik to provide a high level of readiness for US Air Forces in Europe. Even when they knew they often did not know of its actual performance or exact role. sj. NASKEF was closed on 8 September 2006, and its facilities were taken over by the Icelandic Defence Agency as their primary base until 1 January 2011, when the Agency was abolished and the base handed over to the Icelandic Coast Guard, which has since then operated the base. [3][note 8] Arrays of hydrophones placed around the target area located the missile warhead by means of measuring arrival times of the explosion at the various hydrophones of a SOFAR charge in the test warhead. Everywhere from housing units, to playgrounds, to schools all that remains now is the memories of the vibrant community the base once supported. The US Navy requested funds on the 2017 US military budget for the upgrading of an aircraft hangar in Keflavk Airport, which served as a US Naval base until 2006. CLASSIC BULLSEYE. The NAVFAC watch floor had banks of displays using electrostatic paper, similar to that used for echograms in depth finders. . By 816johna. Intended as a temporary wartime base under an agreement with Iceland and the British, U.S. forces withdrew by 1947 but returned in 1951 as the Iceland Defense Force resident on a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) base. [12], In September 2015, news media reported U.S. government officials expressed a desire to reopen aspects of the NATO base of Keflavik Naval Air Station, to cope with increasing Russian military activity around Iceland. For those of us that braved the Icelandic Domain in the land of fire and ice. dn. Hover to zoom. The cover explained that data gathered by oceanographic and acoustic surveys with ships could at times be collected "more expeditiously and more economically by means of shore stations. Search for your Apparel Store and shop . [3], The LOFARgram representation of acoustics in black, gray and white with an operator trained and adapted to interpreting that display was the critical link in the system. Consolidation and new systems brought further change in 1985. [3], With the new, mobile systems Towed Array Sensor System (TASS) and the Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System (SURTASS) entering the system, the SOSUS name was changed in 1984 to Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) to reflect the change from bottom fixed systems alone. It consisted of two separate two-runway airfields, built simultaneously just 4km apart. If you worked at or supported the Naval Facility on NAS Keflavik, you are more than welcome to join. That secrecy led to misunderstandings and even potential breaches of security. [note 7] Systems terminating at Naval Facility Bermuda, Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Shelburne, Nova Scotia, Nantucket, and Cape May were installed during 1955. The Fixed Distributed System (FDS) test array, a new type of fixed bottom system, terminus was made at NAVFAC Brawdy, Wales. As a result, people in the fleet often did not know of the system's dedicated antisubmarine mission. Buy Naval Air Station Keflavik Iceland Patch: Shop top fashion brands Accessories at Amazon.com FREE DELIVERY and Returns possible on eligible purchases With all noncritical surplus equipment and supplies disposed of, all U.S. air activity ended at the airfield on 11 March 1947. Other ships are mentioned as having "cameo" appearances and the project apparently made use of other Navy survey and civilian cable ships on occasion. A crash reconstruction program was initiated and temporary housing was erected during the construction of permanent housing. History Facilities Related Programs. [30], In 1980 consolidation and elimination of expensive individual facilities was made possible by the Wideband Acoustic Data Relay (WADR) first installed at Midway Island in January 1982 so that the two Midway arrays could eventually be remoted directly to NOPF Ford Island. The terminal buildings within were double fenced with separate entry security. [3][34][note 10] The facility (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}515215.3N 0050813.8W / 51.870917N 5.137167W / 51.870917; -5.137167) was adjacent to the Royal Air Force Station Brawdy which had returned to RAF control during February 1974 after closure in 1971. The Detachment 4 of the US Air Force (USAF) Installation and Mission Support Center has awarded three contracts with a total value of $38m to upgrade the airfield infrastructure at Naval Air Station Keflavik in Iceland. [11] The first Atlantic stations, ranging from Nova Scotia to Barbados, formed a long line semicircle looking into the Western Atlantic basin with geographic separation for contact correlation and triangulation. NAVFAC Keflavik, Iceland | Facebook Your essential guide to life, travel and entertainment in Iceland. Access to the base was restricted to authorized military and civilian personnel after the construction of a new civilian passenger terminal on the opposite side of the airfield in the mid-1980s. View Larger Map History Naval Air Station Keflavik (NASKEF) disestablished September 8, 2006 during a ceremony officially ending its 45 years of operations in support of the defense of Iceland. yb. Name changed in June 2019 to, Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom (GIUK) gap, Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Shelburne, Nova Scotia, Golf II-class ballistic missile submarine, Commander, Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Acoustic Research Kaneohe Alaska (PARKA) II, "How the ocean grew 'ears' to pinpoint missile shots", Naval Information Warfare Systems Command, Integrated Undersea Surveillance System insignia, "SOSUS The "Secret Weapon" of Undersea Surveillance", "Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) History 1950 - 2010", Report on Security of Overseas Transport. American Overseas Airlines, followed by Airport Overseas Corporation personnel, operated the military portion of Keflavik Airport after its reversion to Icelandic control at the end of March 1947. Get a vacation. This article incorporates public domain material from the .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Air Force Historical Research Agency. On 1 March 1995, the 57th FS was inactivated and the interceptor force was replaced by Regular Air Force and Air National Guard F-15 Eagle fighter aircraft rotating every 90 days to Iceland until the USAF inactivated the 85th Group in 2002. This museum is known as the Duus Museum. Book your tours. The government of Iceland protested the invasion but asked the populace to treat the occupying force as guests. Special guests included U.S. Bragi graduated in photography from the Rochester Institute of Technology in the United States in 1987 and has since then been working as professional photographer. The operators had no information on which to identify a hostile submerged submarine's unique signature while snorkeling on the LOFARgram. This later had implications as the Cold War ended and budgets became an issue. If you worked at or supported the Naval Facility on NAS Keflavik, you are. SOSUS - Wikipedia [17], From 1958 to 1960 Project Caesar assets began work installing the Missile Impact Location System (MILS), based on technology and installation methods similar to those for SOSUS, in support of Air Force ICBM tests. Patterson Field was closed after the war, but Meeks Field and the adjoining structures were returned to Iceland's control and renamed Naval Air Station Keflavik after the nearby town of Keflavk. Tactical Support Center, Keflavik - GlobalSecurity.org xk. . All the direct support through contracts with Western Electric, Bell Labs and ship schedules was under this management. A Proposed Sonar Listening System for Long-Range Submarine Detection, "The Evolution Of The Sonobuoy From World War II To The Cold War", "Memoir of the Long Range Acoustic Propagation Program", "he American Sound Surveillance System: Using the Ocean to Hunt Soviet Submarines, 1950-1961", "The Ocean Environment and the Third Dimension of Naval Warfare", "Recollections On the Successful Implementation of the Portion of Brick Bat 03 - Titled Project Caesar II - Pacific (Part 2 of 2)", "Catalog of Audiovisual Productions Navy and Marine Corps", The Third Battle: Innovation in the U.S. Navy's Silent Cold War Struggle with Soviet Submarines, "Evolution of SOSUS/IUSS Signal Processing (Part 2 of 2)", "Evolution of SOSUS/IUSS Signal Processing (Part 1 of 2)", "The Navy, Science, and Professional History", "Naval Facility Lewes, August 1955 - September 1981", Bearing Stake Exercise: Sound Speed and Other Environmental Variability, "Naval Facility San Salvador, December 1954 - January 1970", "Naval Facility Brawdy April 1974 - October 1995", "Faulty Intelligence Nearly "Sank" SOSUS During the Cuban Missile Crisis", "The SOSUS System A Personal Perspective of the Early Years", "Spy Case is Called Threat to Finding Soviet Submarines", "SOund SUrveillance System (SOSUS): General Information", "A Lone Voice Crying in the Watery Wilderness", The Terminal Equipment Building of the Navy Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), "SOSUS: The 'Secret Weapon' of Undersea Surveillance", A Letter from Joe Worzel to LamontDoherty Earth Observatory regarding the establishment of Palisades Geophysical Institute, its work, and support of the education and research community, 19471948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, United States involvement in regime change, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SOSUS&oldid=1141062509, Military sonar equipment of the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 04:31.
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